Michelangelo

Michelangelo

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Note : For other uses , see Michelangelo ( disambiguation ) .
Michelangelo

Portrait of Michelangelo , 1564 , executed porDaniele of Volterra from his death mask .
full Name
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
Known ( a) by
David
Sistine Chapel ceiling
Pietà
birth
March 6, 1475
Caprese , Italy
death
February 18 de1564 ( 88 years)
Rome, Italy
nationality
Italian
occupation
Sculptor, architect , poet ePintor
aesthetic Movement
Renaissance and Mannerism
signature

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni ( Caprese , March 6, 1475 - Rome , February 18, 1564 ) , better known simply as Michelangelo ( European Portuguese ) or Michelangelo ( Brazilian Portuguese ) was umpintor , sculptor , poet and Italian architect , considered one of the greatest creators in the history of Western art .
He developed his artwork for over seventy years between Florence and Rome , where they lived their great patrons , the Medici family of Florence , and several Roman popes . It began as an apprentice brothers Davide eDomenico Ghirlandaio in Florence . Having recognized his talent soon became a protege of the Medici , who held several works . After he settled in Rome , where he left most of his most representative works . His career developed in the transition from Renaissance to Mannerism and influences your style epitomized the art of classical antiquity , the first Renaissance ideals of humanism and Neoplatonism , centered on the representation of the human figure and in particular male nude , which portrayed with great vigor. Several of her creations are among the most celebrated of Western art , especially in sculpture Bacchus , the Pietà , David , Moses and the two Medici tombs , in the vast cycle painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the Last Judgment in the same site, and two frescoes in the Pauline Chapel , served as architect of St. Peter's Basilica implementing major reforms in its structure and designing the dome , redesigned the square of the Roman Capitol and designed several buildings , and wrote many poems .
Still life was considered the greatest artist of his time , called him the Divine , and over the centuries until the present day , has been held in the highest regard , part of the small group of artists of world renown , the indeed one of the greatest who ever lived and as the prototype of genius. Michelangelo was one of the first Western artists to have their biography yet published in his lifetime . His fame was such that , as no prior or contemporaneous its artist , surviving numerous records on his career and personality , and he used objects or simple sketches for his works were kept as relics by a legion of admirers . For posterity Michelangelo remains one of the few artists who were able to express the experience of the beautiful , the tragic and the sublime in a cosmic and universal dimension .

index

1 Biography
1.1 Early years
1.2 Youth
1.3 Maturity
1.4 Latest decades
2 Personality
2.1 Love life
3 Work
3.1 Context , style and ideas about art
3.2 Sculpture
3.3 Painting
3.4 Architecture
3.5 Drawing
3.6 Poetry
3.7 Correspondence
4 Legacy and critical fortune
4.1 In the culture
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
biography
early years
Michelangelo was the second son of Lodovico di Lionardo Buonarroti Simoni and Francesca Neri di Buonarroti . In your baptismal certificate her name appears in two forms , and Michelagnelo Michelagnolo Buonaroti ; appears in Vasari's biography as Michelagnolo Bonarroti and deCondivi as Michelagnolo Buonarroti ; 1 2 when Young signed as Michelagniolo.3 These first biographies were written when he was still alive and his fame was at its height , and his admirers not glad to establish a high strain for your family - whose genealogiaaparece as doubtful today - tried to magnify related to his birth and childhood events supposedly prophetic of his future glory . For example , it was said that his mother had fallen from a horse while carrying the arms but would come out of the accident unscathed , still a baby , sleeping in the same cot a brother , this contracted severe contagious disease , which died , but miraculously no Michelangelo was contaminated . They also said that your birth chart called for a bright future , because of a conjunction of Venus, Mars and Jupiter noAscendente.4 Condivi said his family was old and belonged to the nobility , which was accepted as a fact at the time he lived . Would be a descendant of the Counts of Canossa , the region of Reggio Emilia , having among her ancestors the famous Matilda of Canossa , and connected by blood emperors . A family member , Simone da Canossa , had already settled in Florence in 1250 and a citizen of the Republic , responsible for the administration of one of the six divisions Florentine been done . Ali later changed his surname from Canossa to Buonarroti , depending on the prestige that several individuals acquired Buonarroto family called magistrates , from this branch of the House of Canossa to be known as Casa de ' Buonarroti Simoni.5 6


Facsimile of the baptismal certificate of Michelangelo . The original is naCasa Buonarroti in Florence.


Attributed to Michelangelo : Saint Anthony tormented by demons , c . 1487- 1488.Museu Kimbell Art .
Lodovico at the time of the birth of Michelangelo was administrator of the villages of Castello di Chiusi and Caprese , subordinated to Florence . A month later , however, his term expiring , his family moved permanently to Florence , but the baby , as it was a habit , was handed over to a nurse to be created in Settignano , another Florentine villa , a family property . With three years returned to live in the parental home , and six lost his mother . Lionardo had as brothers , the eldest , and more Buonarroto , Giovansimone and Gismondo.6 Father , even having some prestige , was not rich . His family was large and their budgets based primarily on rural property in Settignano , were insufficient to maintain a high standard of living. The salary he received the Republic was low , 500 lire every six months , and was obliged to pay him two notaries three servants and a groom . The old family fortune , acquired in trade and exchange, began to dissipate with his own father , who had to provide dowries for their daughters , paying debts and not bulky obtained lucrative positions , and the situation worsened in the next generation , the point are close to losing their patricians and lapse into plebe.7
Recognizing that Michelangelo was especially gifted , so hit the appropriate age Lodovico sent him to be educated by Francesco da Urbino , hoping to follow a prestigious career. To his frustration , the son made little progress in grammar , in Latin and mathematics, and stealing time from studies to seek the company of artists and design . He became a friend of Francesco Granacci , disciple of Domenico Ghirlandaio , who encouraged the arts and led to frequent the studio of his master , with the result that he abandon the interest in regular instruction , and so get repeated punishment from his father and brothers , for whom artistic career was unworthy of the nobility of its lineage . Even then he finally beat his father's opposition and be admitted as a student of painting the brothers Davide and Domenico Ghirlandaio , through a contract with stipulated duration of three years , signed on 1 APRIL 1489, earning a salary of 24 gold florins , which was not a customary practice at that time . Condivi said that the first finished work of Michelangelo was painting Saint Anthony tormented by demons from a gravurade Martin Schongauer , so well done that it would have aroused the envy of Domenico . Their relations were already strained because Michelangelo was wont to boast themselves as superior to Domenico and once dared to correct their drawings , humiliating him , which was no small feat , given that he was one of the most important painters Florence then and insolence must have passed deep into the mind of the master . Another piece that produced at the time, a copy of an old head would have resulted so well that the owner of the original , instead receiving the copy , failed to realize the exchange . Only by the indiscretion of a fellow Michelangelo ruse was discovered , and comparing both studies , the talent of Michelangelo became reconhecido.4 6 8
But it is likely that these reports have been very magnified - Vasari in his second version of his biography said that the work of Condivi had many untruths - , 9 because given the limited time we stayed there , and knowing today's strict disciplinary habits artistic learning of the season , which began with the humblest tasks , he would hardly have been able to develop a technique capable of producing works of such high quality as stated . Would still be only a servant , like all beginners , keeping the materials and tools of masters and senior disciples in order and conditions of use , clearing the space , and remaining available to teachers to meet any other requirements for smooth functioning workshop . In the short time they had left were allowed to exercise the drawing by copying established models , but that was rare in the first phase , since in addition to regular work to be exhaustive paper was expensive and could not be spent in vain with students still unprepared . Only when the student mastered this instrumental piece and knew in depth the properties of art materials was given access to the knowledge of the most basic rudiments of creation, then serving as direct assistants to the teachers , but still just stretching the canvases and preparing the wood paneling , giving them base layers , painting some less important details of the composition and digging into the study design . However , it seems certain that Michelangelo when he joined the Ghirlandaio workshop had already done much drawing , and so it is difficult to determine exactly how far does the truth of the early biographies , because they constantly tend to exalt its subject, even if it is recognized that his talent was precocious and its development , very rápido.10


Giorgio Vasari : Posthumous Portrait of Lorenzo de 'Medici . Galleria degli Uffizi , Florence .


Michelangelo : Centauromaquia , c.1492 . Casa Buonarroti , Florence .
youth
Michelangelo did not finish his apprenticeship with Ghirlandaio . A year later left the studio and into the protection of Lorenzo II de 'Medici . The authors differ on the circumstances of this event . Perhaps for his rebellious temperament he has become an annoying presence to their masters , it also apparently did not appreciate as much paint as sculpture ; Barbara Somervill said his father , relying on the strength of a distant kinship with the Medici and the provision of Lawrence to help her poor family , called for him to accept him as an apprentice ; 11 Condivi Vasari and claim it was a direct request from the Lawrence Lodovico.12 13 Anyway, fifteen in fact he went to live in the palace of the Medici . Lawrence was the head of his illustrious family, then the richest in Italy , ruled de facto although Florence had no official position , and gathered around himself a brilliant cut humanists and artists , being himself a poet and intellectual . It was a fortunate circumstance for Michelangelo , because he could enjoy the personal friendship with patrons eating at your desk and getting attractive salary five ducats per week , and classical atmosphere of his circle , which participated Angelo Poliziano , Pico della Mirandola and Marsilio Ficino , reinforcing his poor education and contacting Neoplatonism . Also made ​​friends among the children of the house , who later became his patrons , and most importantly for his career was able to attend the famous Sculpture Garden that Lawrence had organized with an important collection of fragments of classical antiquity , whose study withdrew substantial information to develop your personal style in escultura.14 15
To administer this garden , Lawrence hired the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni , who had been a pupil of Donatello , Michelangelo and he had something that approached a professor of sculpture, although apparently not followed his methods . His first work for Lawrence seems to have been the head of a faun , who did not survive , but reportedly was so well made ​​that her Lourenço definitely surrendered to the talent of jovem.15 Other works of this phase were a crucifix for the prior of the Hospital Holy Spirit , which allowed him to dissect cadavers to study suaanatomia , a bas-relief now known as the Madonna of the Stairs , in the manner of Donatello , and high -relief Centauromaquia , created under the advice of Poliziano and possibly inspired by a motif found in a Roman sarcophagus , which aroused the admiration even of succeeding generations as a mature work , although it has been left inconcluso.16
Shortly thereafter, on April 8, 1492 , Lawrence died , leaving the government to his son Piero de ' Medici , who was only twenty -one years of age. Condivi According to Michelangelo the death of his patron was a big shock , remaining days in deep sorrow , incapable of any action. Retired to the house of his father , which carved a large Hercules , which was sold to Francis I of France , but of which no one knows the whereabouts . Then succeeded a big snowfall that fell on Florence , and Piero then remembered friend. He summoned to his palace acorresse to make a snowman , and renewed the invitation to the artist lived in the Medici palace in order to keep things the way they were before the death of Lawrence. The invitation was accepted and Michelangelo again became a favorite , but Piero lacked all political wisdom of his father was tyrannical and completely unfit for the position . Both attracted the condemnation of Savonarola and the popular discontent grew fast. Realizing the fatal turn that events took , and because of its close association with Piero , Michelangelo fled to Bologna first secretly , and then heading to Venice, Florence a few weeks before being invaded by Charles VIII of France and be overthrown and expelled Piero there along with all his família.17 18
Failing to work in Venice , he returned to Bologna , where he found a new patron in Gianfrancesco Aldovrandi , in whose house he stayed for one year. At his suggestion produced figures for the unfinished tomb of St. Dominic , umAnjo holding a candelabra , a St. Proclus and San Petronio , and did no more than this in their stay with Aldovrandi , and entertain his patrons with readings of Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio , appreciated for their Tuscan dialect is the same that had been escritas.19 20 However , classicists met Jacopo della Quercia works , which exerted significant influence on your estilo.21 in winter 1495 he returned briefly to Florence . Condivi and Vasari reported that Michelangelo met Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de ' Medici , who encouraged him to carve a St. John , and then a sleeping Cupid, prompting the artist to patina it so it could be sold as an antique for good price in the Roman market. Michelangelo would have sent him to Rome in 1496 and was acquired by Cardinal Raffaele Riario , but Clacment believes that the story is very duvidosa.22
maturity


Michelangelo : Pieta , 1499. St. Peter's Basilica , Vatican City .
Anyway he then traveled to Rome and stayed with for a year with Riario , but he apparently did not produce anything . His next work , a tipsy Bacchus large and clearly classical features , was made ​​at the request of the banker Jacopo Galli , who also requested a cupid standing , and through whom Michelangelo met Cardinal Jean de la Grolaye de Villiers , Ambassador of France at the Vatican , which commissioned the famous Pietà , a rare theme common in Italy but in France , it was immediately hailed as a masterpiece , elevating him to fame . Soon received other commissions , including fifteen statuettes of saints Cardinal Francesco Piccolomini to , but held only four of these , interrupting the job in 1501 to answer a call from the Cathedral Florença.23 24
Ordering was a David , to be installed in the foothills of the Cathedral . Michelangelo chose to work a huge block of marble that had been partially worked by other sculptors and remained abandoned for forty years , with more than 5 feet tall . Carving a piece of that figure today is a huge technical challenge , and when ready in 1504 the result was considered as shiny and magnificent that formed a committee of notables to decide where to put it , because it was deemed to deserve a more prominent position than the planned beforehand . Thus, it was installed before the Palazzo Dei Priori , the administrative headquarters of the Republic , as a symbol of Florentine civic virtues . During those years involved with David , Michelangelo still found time to create several Madonnas for private patrons , a statue and two on the marble relief and painted , this being especially significant as a precursor example of Mannerism florentino.25 Condivi mentioned two more works , bronze , one David and Madonna that are not conhecidas.26 After the huge success of his David , Michelangelo was drawn to monumental projects , but rarely accepted direct helpers , so that many of them were not finished . Was the case of another contract on which the Florentine magistrates entrusted a large fresco for the Council Chamber , representing the Battle of Cascina , an event of the war in which Florence conquered Pisa . Leonardo da Vinci was invited at the same time to make another big painting on the opposite wall of the room . Neither of the two was completed , and even Michelangelo left the preparatory study . In 1505 , Michelangelo accepted a request twelve Apostles large marble for the Cathedral , but only one , Matthew , was begun, and even this was abandoned before the end , as Pope Julius II called him to Roma.25


Raphael : Portrait of Julius II , 1511-1512 . National Gallery , London.


Michelangelo : One of the nudes of the Sistine Chapel ceiling .
Julius was so fascinated by great as Michelangelo , was headstrong and their clashes with the artist , whose temperament was also strong, became legendary . Planned to erect a portentous tomb for himself , with forty estátuas.25 Defined drawing , Michelangelo traveled to the mines of marble in Carrara to select the stones , going there for eight months. When the material arrived in Rome occupied much of the Piazza San Pedro.27 But at the same time being engaged in the reconstruction of the vast St. Peter Julius , funds for work soon dried up. Michelangelo supposed the architect of St. Peter Bramante , the Pope had poisoned against him , and left Rome , returning to Florence , but the pope did pressure on the Florentine authorities demanding his return, and instead of continuing the work of his tomb sent him to create his colossal statue in bronze to install in Bologna , who had recently conquered in his military expeditions . After ready did accept, grudgingly , the cost of painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling huge , completed in just four years between 1508 and 1511. The result was far beyond expectations dads , and even Michelangelo was not very comfortable with the technique of painting, always preferring the sculpture has proven to have a pictorial genius comparable to that produced David and Pietà . Once finished ceiling, Julius sent him back to work on his tomb , which was never finished according to the original plan . Julius died in 1513 and the project was then revised several times and successively reduced by other popes , becoming much more modest than the intended work . Of the forty statues of the plan the current monument has only seven , and of these only Moses ( 1513-15 ) has real value , with a sculptural counterpart of the great figures of the Sistine ceiling . Six other unfinished but also of great interest , representing slaves and prisoners , originally intended as part of a group, were dispersed and are now in the Louvre in Paris and the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence. Another important part of the period was a naked Christ the Redeemer to the Church of Santa Maria on Minerva.25
The successor of Julius was a childhood friend of Michelangelo , the second son of Lorenzo de 'Medici , Giovanni , which was consecrated by the name of Pope Leo X. The ruler of Florence was then Cardinal Giulio de 'Medici , later Pope also under the name of Clement VII . Both the artist employed mainly in Florence works of glorification of his family . For Michelangelo they entered the land of architecture , drafting a plan to remodel the facade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo , never realized , but their efforts bore fruit better in a smaller design, construction and decoration of the New Sacristy , linked to the Basilica . The most significant works in the Sacristy are the original tombs of Julian II de 'Medici and Lorenzo II de' Medici , which each comprise an idealized statue of the reclining dead and two decorative figures on the coffin , not all fully finished but of great strength , already a distinctly Mannerist style . In the same period Michelangelo designed another building attached to the Basilica , the Laurentian Library , to receive the collection bequeathed by Pope Leo X after his death. The structure is remarkable for its free interpretation of the classic architectural canons , making it the first and one of the most important examples of Mannerism arquitetural.25
In 1527 Rome was sacked and the pope fled , and Florence revolted against the Medici again , banishing them . Then the city was besieged , and this time Michelangelo was employed by the local government works in engineering , designing fortifications . This and the following decade was especially difficult for him . His father died in 1521 and then her favorite brother . Michelangelo was concerned with advancing years and feared death , and is still involved in family affairs to ensure the perpetuation of the name Buonarroti . In his emotional life was bound strongly to young men , especially Tommaso dei Cavalieri , exchanging warm correspondence and writing them poems of great quality , addressing the theme of love in the tradition of Petrarch and expressing Neoplatonic ideas . These links and these material witnesses have been considered by many scholars as evidence of homosexuality, but an influential minority, which participates Creighton Gilbert , the editor of Britannica , it is likely that he was more concerned about finding a foster child and his emotional overflow nothing more than rhetoric literária.25 28 29 in 1530os Medici finally succeeded in imposing his rule in Florence , Michelangelo returned to the tomb of the family of project and produced two sculptures , Genius of Victory, which became a prototype for the Mannerist sculptors , and David , also sometimes identified as Apollo. In 1534 left the city for the last time , the call of the new pope , Paul III , and lived at Rome, although he always feeds hope to come back and finish their projects inacabados.25
decades


Mary and Jesus , detail of the Last Judgement , 1534-41 . Sistine Chapel .
In this phase Michelangelo left a little to one side and turned to sculpture to architecture , poetry and painting . Paul III had called him to paint the scene of the Last Judgement on the wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel . The composition was another masterpiece , but in a very different style from that of the ceiling, and reflects the impact of the Counter -Reformation culture of the time . The design is powerful and the figures are still grand , but its anatomical description is less clear . On the other hand , the psychological and dramatic intensity is much A impressionante.25 provided at the opposite wall scene showing the fall of Lucifer was designed in the card but not performed. However , according to Vasari's design was exploited by a minor artist in Holy Trinity Church of the Hills , but with a running pobre.30 Immediately after was summoned to paint two large panels in the Pauline Chapel , depicting the Crucifixion of St. Peter and conversion of Saul . In that time, he developed a deep emotional attachment with the Roman patrician Vittoria Colonna , which lasted until her death in 1547 , sharing an interest in poetry and religion . Designed the remodeling of the Capitol Square , one of the most notable urban projects of the city , and his condition again architect of St. Peter , a position also accepted with great reluctance , drew up the plans for the reform of its structure from the ideas left by Bramante , discarding supplements to other employees and plan for reversing the Greek cross , and also designed the dome , a great piece of architecture, though built only after he died , with slight modifications. While working in San Pedro was involved in minor architectural projects , completing the unfinished Farnese Palace , giving advice in the works of Villa Giulia , the Church of San Pietro in Montorio and the Belvedere of the Vatican, as well as providing a project , not used for the remodeling of St. John of Florentinos.25 31
In 1555 Paul IV ascended the papacy and immediately opened a dispute with the Spanish government in Naples , while intensifying the procedures of the Counter -Reformation and supported the Inquisition . Canceled the chancellorship Riminique Paul III had granted a Michelangelo , a good source of income for him , and wanted to destroy the Judgement of the Sistine considered indecent, which just did not happen thanks to strong opposition from several cardinals , even so many were nudes covered . The weather in Rome became tense, French troops entered the Papal States and Michelangelo in 1557 sought temporary refuge in a monastery in Spoleto , leaving the works in the office of auxiliary Basilica . Returning to Rome soon after , began to devote himself to design a tomb for himself , never executed , but he sculpted the Pietà of Florence , where it is believed that he left his self-portrait in the figure of Joseph of Arimathea . So back to the works of St. Peter , but their decisions were continually desacatadas by workers, creating a stressful situation . In 1559 the pope died . It was so hated that the Roman people made ​​great public show of rejoicing upon hearing this news , and Duppa says it must have been a relief well to artista.32
Pius IV kept Michelangelo as architect of St. Peter - this season is the design of the dome - and restored him part of the rents of Rimini . Designed a monument in honor of the brother of the pope to be installed in the Cathedral of Milan , performed by others , built the Porta Pia , reformed the Baths of Diocletian , transforming them into the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels and Martyrs , and designed a chapel in the Basilica of Saint Mary Major , completed posthumously . The position of Michelangelo as chief architect of St. Peter never pleased the directors of the work and Wizards architects , pressures finally eventually triumph , and in 1562 he was removed from office. But soon the situation reversed in their favor because Michelangelo requested an interview with the pope and he exposed the intrigues that had led to the situation . The pope sent examine the case , confirmed the allegations of Michelangelo and reappointed to head the works , and more , ordered that their guidelines were followed to risca.33


Giorgio Vasari : Tomb of Michelangelo . Basilica of the Holy Cross , Florence .
In 1563 he was elected princeps inter pares of the Accademia del Disegno in Florence , newly founded by Cosimo I de ' Medici , and Vasari , and only after that , the doors of the ninety years of age, his health and vigor began to decline rapidly and visibly . Little time remained to him , and in the passage 1563 to 1564 it became clear that he could no longer go outside anytime and in any weather as it used to , and even more could refuse help from others and outside its perennial habit. On February 14, 1564 he suffered some kind of attack, and spread the news that he was sick . Nevertheless , his friend Tiberio Calcagni , who rushed to visit him , found him on the street in the rain , but saying he could not find peace somehow . According to the report his face was a bad appearance and his speech was hesitant . Into the house, gathered to rest . Other friends came to meet him the next day sensed death and sent for his nephew Lionardo , but this did not arrive in time to see him live . Passed away peacefully just before five in the afternoon of the 18th , in the company of Tiberio Calcagni , Diomede Leoni , Tommaso dei Cavalieri and Daniele da Volterra , apart from doctors Federigo Donati , and Gherardo Fidelissimi.34 35
Order of the governor of Rome his body was laid with great honors at the Basilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles , 36 but Lionardo wished he rested in Florence , and had to steal the corpse and send him to another city disguised as goods being delivered the local customs on March 11 .
personality

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