Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier

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Antoine Lavoisier
chemistry

Lavoisier , recognized as the "father " of modern chemistry

nationality
French

birth
August 26, 1743
local
Paris

death
May 8, 1794 (50 years)
local
Paris
cause
Guillotined during the French aRevolução

spouse
Marie - Anne Pierrette Paulze

activity
Field ( s )
chemistry
Known ( a) by
Founder of modern chemistry
signature


Antoine Laurent Lavoisier ( Paris, August 26, 1743 - Paris, May 8, 1794 ) was a French chemist , considered the father of modern chemistry .
It is recognized for having enunciated the principle of conservation of matter , although Russian Mikhail Lomonosov have done it 14 years earlier . Also identified and named oxygen , refuted the phlogiston theory and participated in the reform danomenclatura chemistry. Renowned for his studies on the conservation of matter , later immortalized by the popular phrase :
"
In nature nothing is created , nothing is lost , everything is transformed .
"


biography
Born into a wealthy family in Paris , Antoine Laurent Lavoisier , inherited a large fortune at the age of five with the death of his mother . He was educated at the Collège des Quatre -Nations (also known as Collège Mazarin ) from 1754 to 1761 , studying chemistry, botany , astronomy and mathematics . He was expected to follow in the footsteps of his father and also obtained his license to practice law in 1764 before returning to a life of science.
Lavoisier is considered the father of chemistry. It was he who discovered that water is a substance composed , consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom : H2O . This discovery was very important at the time because, according ateoria of Thales of Miletus , who was still accepted , the water was one of the four primal elements of earth , from which other materials were formed .
On December 16, 1771 Lavoisier married a young aristocrat named Marie - Anne Pierrette Paulze . His wife became one of his most important collaborators , not only because of their knowledge of languages ​​(particularly English and Latin), but also by their ability to illustrator . Marie - Anne was responsible for the translation into French of scientific works written in English and Latin, making illustrations of some of the most significant experiments by Lavoisier . He lived at the time he began the French Revolution , when the third estate ( peasants , burghers and merchants ) disputed the power in France .
Lavoisier was guillotined on May 8, 1794 , after a summary trial the day before. Joseph - Louis Lagrange , an important mathematician and contemporary of Lavoisier said :
"
A century will not suffice to produce a head equal to that brought down in a second .
"
Participation in the Academy of Sciences

Lavoisier was first proposed as a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1766 , but was only elected in 1768. As a full member , Lavoisier participated in research commissions from new theories and / or phenomena in order to evaluate its scientific legitimacy .
Review of mesmerism
Mesmerism is a theory developed by Franz Anton Mesmer , with great prominence in Europe during the 1780s . According to this theory , there is a single fluid in the universe that unites and relates all bodies. This fluid would manifest in different ways including : gravity, electricity, magnetism and animal magnetism ( in living organisms ) .
According to Mesmer , the diseases are caused by blockages of the animal magnetic flux in living beings , and their healing might be possible by restoring the flow , done by specialists with a strong magnetism . To cure a patient , the specialist located the places where the flow was found locked and reestablished the flow massaging the affected areas of the body .


Annales de chimie et de physique , scientific journal established in 1789, which Lavoisier was one of the first editors .
In 1778 Mesmer settled in Paris, riding his own private practice and establishing a network of disciples . His influence on French society was enough to worry the French king , Louis XVI , which required six years later , the study of mesmerism by an independent commission .
In 1784 two committees to study mesmerism were created: one composed of elements of the Medical Society , and the other composed of elements of the Académie des Ciences . The committee was composed of the Academy by Jean d' Arcet , Joseph - Ignace Guillotin , Jean Borie , Sallin , Jean Sylvain Bailly , Le Roy , Benjamin Franklin and Lavoisier .
The commission's objective was to test the existence of the animal magnetic flux since mesmerism considered the dependent cure of this fluid . However, according mesmerism itself, it was not possible to analyze or understand the characteristics of the animal magnetic flux , and as such , it has become impossible to perform experiments to test their physical properties .
Mesmer proposed that the study focussing on the cures attributed to the action of the animal magnetic flux . However the committee concluded that it was not possible to isolate the action of the fluid of the other factors that contribute to a cure , or even determine whether the cure was actually a consequence of the action of the fluid . Mesmer refused to cooperate with the commission of the Académie des Ciences , when he learned that the study of mesmerism would not focus on healing . He was replaced by Charles Deslon , which at the time was the chief disciple of the French mesmerism .
As the committee suspected that the cures were due more to the power of suggestion ( due to how the healing sessions were conducted ) , decided to conduct two series of experiments : one in which people were subject to the power of suggestion , but not to action on animal magnetic flux ; another where people were subjected to the action of the animal magnetic flux , but without being informed of this fact . These experiments were carried out mainly by Lavoisier .
The committee quickly concluded that analysis of experiments that there is no magnetic flux Animal and cures simply resulted from the action of the power of suggestion. The committee produced a report entitled Rapport des Changes par le Commissaire de l' examen du roi Animal Magnetism , including the study objectives , a description of the experiments and the conclusions drawn . Again it is thought that Lavoisier would have played an important role in the preparation of this report.
Study of oxygen
Lavoisier discovered not just oxygen . This gas was discovered independently by two chemists: Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1772 and Joseph Priestley in 1774 . In October 1774, Priestley visited Lavoisier Paris and talked about their experiences . This fact allowed to redo the experiments of Lavoisier and Priestley reshape them . Thus , Lavoisier better understand the characteristics of the new gas and also confirmed that the combustion and calcinaçãocorrespondem the combination of oxygen with other materials ( organic materials and metals in combustion calcination ) .
Lavoisier gave the name to the new gas oxygen ( " acid producer " in Greek ) , because he thought (wrongly ) that all substances that originate from a calcination originated acids , in which oxygen was found obligatorily present. In 1789 , he formulated the principle of conservation of matter ( Lavoisier's Law ) .
Participation in Ferme Général
In 1768 Lavoisier acquired a stake in Ferme Général , the system used in France at the time for the collection of taxes ( in which essentially the Crown concessionava this task to private ) . The Ferme Général system was a very unpopular at the time, especially among those who paid taxes ( the people ) . Although Lavoisier had withdrawn this system , your connection to the Ferme Général was the cause of his death sentence .
On September 17, 1793 was established the Law of Suspects , which allowed the creation of revolutionary tribunals to be traitors and punish the guilty with the death penalty . Three days later , Lavoisier received a warrant that allowed the seizure and sealing of your documents . Later , the documents were returned to Lavoisier , giving you a false sense of security .
references
1. ↑ Jump to: a b c d Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (in Portuguese ) . Porto Editora . Infopédia . Retrieved on August 26, 2012 .
2 . ↑ Jump to: a b c d e f Antoine - Laurent Lavoisier - Biography (in Portuguese ) . UOL - Education . Retrieved on August 26, 2012 .
3 . Go to top ↑ Repossi , Giordano . Chemistry : The Mysterious World of the molecule . [ Br.s. ] : Circle of Readers , 1977. Chapter : Science and Revolution . 188 p. p. 68-69 .
bibliography
Ashall , Frank . Notable Findings - From the Infinitely Large to the Infinitely Small. Lisbon: Replication Publisher , 2001.
Bell , Madison Smartt . Lavoisier in the Year One New York : Atlas Books, 2005 .
Crump , Thomas . A Brief History of Science . London: Robinson, 2002.
Donovan , Arthur . " Antoine Lavoisier : Science , Administration and Revoution.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Eagle , Cassandra T. and Sloan , Jenifer . " Marrie Paulze Anne Lavoisier : The Mother of Modern Chemistry . " The Chemical Educator3.5 (1998) :1 -18 .
Gould , Stephen Jay . " Bully for Brontosaurus " . London: Penguin Books , 1992.
Gribbin , John . Science in History . London: Penguin Books , 2003.
Morris , Richard . The Last Sorcerers . Washington : Joseph Henry Press, 2003 .

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